The department of finance and personnel (DFP NI) launched a best Essay

The branch of account and staff (DFP NI) propelled a best practice plot in Jan 2008, the point of which is to give genuine instances of value upgrades in the conveyance of administrations to residents - Essay Example The organization broadens down to earth and individual consideration for customers nonstop. The home consideration organization endeavors hard to improve the nature of care and a few accepted procedures have been cultivated to upgrade the nature of care. The home consideration organization lays accentuation to re-capable individuals who require home consideration administration. The re-ablement administration is for span of about a month and a half. Customers are offered care and help to re-learn typical fundamental abilities or learn new fundamental abilities to build their freedom. The noteworthy part of re-ablement is to help individuals to play out their normal exercises instead of performing medicinal services laborers playing out their undertakings. On fulfillment of the multi week re-ablement administration, the consideration plan is explored and further move is made so the individual can move into the following stage of learning. The activity that follows the re-ablement administration is either to follow a similar consideration plan, increment the present consideration bundle, diminish the present bundle or permit the customer to have a typical existence without the help and administration of the medicinal services laborer. The last choice is permitted when the individual has totally adjusted to their fundamental abilities. So, re-ablement administration advances the exertion of the customer to remain autonomous over the long haul and have a quality existence. The administration empowers individuals to maintain a strategic distance from undesirable visit or remain at care homes and medical clinics and empowers customers utilize accessible assets. The in-house administration of re-ablement is a worth included assistance and results in positive results that fill in as an inspiration to the staff (Using best practice (n.d)). The home consideration organization intercedes into the patient’s issues to maintain a strategic distance from hospitalization. To accomplish this goal, home consideration organization gives preparing to medicinal services laborers to help patients during crisis. Crisis care arranging empowers medicinal services laborers to evaluate the degree of hazard and decide if the patient requires hospitalization. The arrangement is too

Problems of Youngs in the Society Violence Free Essays

Youth savagery is common in pretty much every nation, and with an end goal to decrease it, it is significant for us to comprehend the essential explanations for it. In the event that we watch definitely, savagery is very pervasive among youth from various different backgrounds. There is by all accounts a main impetus (or powers), that encourages these youngsters to take part in such savagery. We will compose a custom paper test on Issues of Youngs in the Society: Violence or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now It is normal these days to hear news about young people or secondary school understudies participating in severe killings, homi-cide, murder or even self destruction. Be that as it may, I think youth viciousness isn't limited to such structures. Harassing, for ex-abundant, happens regularly in pretty much every school in this nation. The very reality that savagery is getting progressively boundless presently is sufficient explanation behind us to recognize and comprehend the fundamental purposes for such vi-olence. The earth where an individual grows up plays a central point in his/her investment with vi-olence. I accept that a youngster or lady can be straightforwardly affected to do rough acts in the event that he/she has mind nessed or experienced it on an individual level. In the event that a youngster experiences childhood in a situation where viciousness is by all accounts a typical piece of every day life, at that point it is practically sure that the kid will adjust a similar propensity to take part in savage acts. For instance, if a kid regularly observes his dad harming his mom, this could prompt two things. Either the youngster will adjust a similar demeanor of mercilessness towards ladies, or he will build up a solid displeasure against men who hurt ladies. In the long run, as the youngster grows up and turns into an adolescent, he may discover approaches to draw out their repressed feelings by participating in comparable brutal acts. The substance behind current media and diversion can likewise be a significant reason for youth brutality today. Guardians might have the option to teach and guide their children at home, however when these equivalent children open the TV, they can watch the news where individuals are being killed, people are harming one another and violations are being dedicated ordinary. In numerous network shows and motion pictures, merciless demonstrations of homicide and torment are appeared as though they are an ordinary piece of day by day life. Different movies show youngsters the estimation of retribution, and depict brutality as the upright method to vindicate the characters. Interestingly, these demonstrations of brutality can be viewed by kids and youngsters unlimited. They don't have to by and by experience wrongdoing and ruthlessness in light of the fact that these things are as of now took care of every day into their heads: through the TV, news, films and the web. There are a great many sites where youngsters can openly watch recordings with realistic substance and butchery. Thusly, brutality turns into a piece of a youthful person’s day by day thinking. Abruptly, it quits being a frightening thing to the person in question. Rather, brutality turns out to be increasingly engaging and intriguing to the youngster. He at that point discovers approaches to do these equivalent things, in actuality. Only a couple of years back, news broke out about a youthful, contemplative understudy who one day went to class with a gun and entered the study hall shooting every one of her colleagues. Comparable occasions have happened in earlier years in various pieces of America. Crimes occur in schools where youngsters should be sheltered. What is the motivation behind why apparently innocuous and quiet youngsters have occupied with severe killings? I trust one reason is social distance. The present society we live in is brimming with prejudice, minority marking and social inclinations. Some youngsters end up in school situations where they are treated as untouchables perhaps in light of their nationality, strict convictions and other extraordinary attributes. Each youngster is yearning for authentic belongingness and connection, a situation where the person is acknowledged. Lamentably, some teenagers’ requirements for social belongingness are not being met. Rather, they are presented to a brutal existence where individuals are cool, uninterested and critical. As I would like to think, this prompts sentiments of outrage or disdain against the world when all is said in done. This indignation or hatred might be kept profoundly covered up in the musings of a youngster. It could become more grounded as years pass by, until finally, it arrives at a specific level where the youngster yields to his solid sentiments and resorts to demonstrations of brutality towards others. Taking everything into account, a youthful person’s condition, introduction to viciousness through the media, and sentiments of social estrangement, all add to youth savagery. There are numerous different reasons and causes, and we couldn't in any way, shape or form call attention to every one of them. Notwithstanding, I accept interestingly, we know about what’s happen-ing around us. It is my conviction that getting the hang of, considering and completely understanding the fundamental driver of youth viciousness will assist us with turning out to be better residents and successful guardians later on. There are a few arrangements that can assist with maintaining a strategic distance from or to unravel high school viciousness: Parents and other people who care for youngsters can assist them with figuring out how to manage feelings without utilizing savagery. Since savagery results from clashes between individuals, it very well may be forestalled by learning peaceful approaches to control outrage and take care of issues. Showing your adolescent, through words and activities, that brutality is never a worthy type of conduct is significant. The tips gave here can support you. Snappy Facts †¢Almost 16 million youngsters have seen some type of brutal ambush. †¢About one of every eight individuals killed in the United States every year are more youthful than 18 years old. †¢Research shows a connection between vicious TV programs and forceful conduct in youngsters who watch those projects. †¢Most wounds and brutal passings happen between individuals who know one another. On the off chance that there is savagery in your family, it expands the danger of your high schooler getting associated with future viciousness. †¢A firearm in the house is bound to be utilized to execute a relative or companion than to slaughter an in-truder. Tips for Parents 1. Begin discussing approaches to lessen or dispense with viciousness. †¢Team up with different guardians and engage in your locale; join your neighbors in exercises to diminish savagery. †¢Talk to your youngster about approaches to explain contentions and battles without weapons or brutality. †¢Advise your teenager to converse with you or a confided in grown-up to stay away from conceivably fierce circumstances. In the event that you speculate an issue with your adolescent, begin discussing it. 2. Screen the media. †¢Limit the measure of TV your high schooler watches to 1 to 2 hours per day (includ-ing music recordings and computer games). †¢Do not permit your adolescent to watch brutal motion pictures or TV programs. †¢If something brutal goes ahead the TV, talk about what's going on with the ace gram and how the circumstance could have been dealt with in a peaceful manner. 3. Be a good example by taking care of issues in peaceful mann ers. †¢Don’t hit your high schooler. Model non-physical answers for critical thinking. †¢Count to 10. Chill. On the off chance that you can’t control your annoyance, tell your high schooler you need some an opportunity to get your considerations and emotions leveled out. †¢Problem comprehend with your high schooler. Contemplate alternatives and ramifications for practices. †¢Set limits, ensure your adolescent knows the standards and results, and finish. †¢Don’t convey a firearm. This makes an impression on your youngster that utilizing weapons tackles issues. 4. Decrease the danger of firearm related savagery to your high schooler. †¢Make certain your high schooler doesn't approach firearms. On the off chance that you have a firearm, re-move it from your home or store it emptied and bolted up. Lock and store slugs independently. Advise your adolescent to avoid possibly perilous circumstances and from weapons in homes of companions or places where the person may visit or play. †¢Keep as a main priority that adolescents don’t consistently keep the guidelines. Additionally, adolescents are pulled in to weapons and consider firearms to be images of intensity. Since you can’t consistently rely on adolescents to avoid firearms, you need to get weapons far from them. 5. Help your adolescent arrangement with outrage. †¢Anger is an ordinary inclination. Outrage doesn't need to be awful on the off chance that it is communicated ap-propriately. Train your high schooler that it is alright to be irate, yet it’s not alright to throw a left hook. Individuals must control their resentment before they can control a circumstance. †¢Sometimes advising is important to assist adolescents with managing their outrage appro-priately. Steps your high schooler can take to maintain a strategic distance from savagery or injury 1. Perceive circumstances or occasions that are probably going to grow into brutality. 2. Stop whatever you are doing and tally to 10 in reverse. This will assist you with pondering your emotions before they gain out of power. 3. On the off chance that you can’t control your resentment, escape. Take a break. 4. Consider the choices and results of your activities. For instance, hitting somebody could bring about suspension from school or injury. 5. In the event that essential, find support from an outsider to comprehend contrasts. 6. Chill. Ensure you are quiet and afterward converse with the individual. 7. Listen cautiously to the next person’s feeling. 8. Be emphatic, not forceful. Go to bat for your goals. Start each sentence with â€Å"I† For instance: â€Å"I feel this way†¦ † or â€Å"I don’t like it when†¦ † 9. Be happy to concede and be liable for something you may have fouled up. 10. React with your HEAD, not your clench hands, dangers, or weapons. Instructions to refer to Problems of Youngs in the Society: Violence, Papers

Beat the Mind Games When You Quit Smoking

Beat the Mind Games When You Quit Smoking More in Addiction Nicotine Use After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Nicotine Withdrawal Smoking-Related Diseases The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery Smokers often think of lighting up as an enjoyable pastime. Cigarettes offer comfort, entertainment, and companionshipâ€"or so you think.  At the same time, you might relate smoking cessation to feelings of pain, misery, and sacrifice. These opposing feelings are reinforced on a subconscious level, below the surface of your thoughts.?? The result is that you might adopt unhealthy and inaccurate beliefs as facts of life when in reality they are only your distorted perceptions of the truth. Use these tips to help you learn how to recognize thoughts that dont serve you as you move through recovery from nicotine addiction and reprogram your mind with thoughts that do.?? 3 Quotes to Help You Quit If you want to change your life, change your mind.We either make ourselves happy or miserable, the amount of work is the same.This is the hardest thing Ive ever done. The first quote is from  Terry Martin. Its a catchy little phrase, and very appropriate to quitting smoking. Or, its another meaningless expression that do-gooders like to chant. The choice is up to you. Your quit can be a horrible, difficult, torturous period of penance that may end with you becoming a smoker again because you really want to be smoking but feel you cant. Or, your quit can be a somewhat uncomfortable but exciting path leading to new opportunities and higher self-esteem. You know you wont smoke because youre already feeling the freedom of living without chemical dependence. That too is up to you. Smokers Are Experts at Mind Games You have to be, to continue to do something as self-destructive as smoking and still sleep at night. If you allow those old mind games to continue, you are going to be facing a horrible, difficult, torturous period of penance, so take the easy way. Make a mental change, and try some new, fresh mind games. Dont quit smoking because you have to. Rather, embark on a challenging and rewarding adventure of teaching yourself how to be a non-smoker. The second option is more pleasant and, thus, easier. That is not to say it wont be without some effort on your part, but embracing the process instead of head-butting it is the best way to go. 14 Mind Tricks to Get You Started Here are some tricks to get you started: Never allow yourself to think I need to smoke. Thats way too emotional. Change it to something wordy enough to take the passion out of the sentiment, like, Im feeling some tension that I would have interpreted in the past as a desire for a cigarette. Same goes for I want to smoke. In addition to being unemotional, analyzing the feeling makes you realize that you are not actually in pain over a craving to smoke.Never allow yourself to think I could have just one. Change it to I could become a smoker again. They amount to the same thing.Never allow yourself to visualize yourself enjoying a cigarette. Instead, change the mental image to a picture of the nastiest, most uncomfortable, unwanted cigarettes you ever smoked.Often point out the good stuff to yourself. Everyone sees the healing changes at different rates. Even on your first smoke-free day, you can find something good, even if its just your money jar. As you notice them, write them down. Youll be amazed at how fast you come to t ake the benefits for granted.Often tell yourself how good you feel. Its just as easy to say I feel great as it is to say Oh, am I ever suffering. Easier, actuallyâ€"there are fewer syllables. And your subconscious really does come to believe what you tell yourself. Try writing, I am so glad to be free on a post-it and sticking it to your bathroom mirror so that you are sure to remind yourself of this every morning.Never deny yourself something good because you quit smoking. Say you associate sitting on your porch with smoking. In the first days of quitting you may associate everything with smoking. Deal with the triggers early on and dont leave yourself feeling deprived. One exception is alcohol. Take it slow and easy on a trigger that also lowers your inhibitions and capacity for rational thought.Often laugh. Laughter is a much better, more effective, and healthier relaxant than inhaling poisons. Try some Youtube therapy.Never doubt that one cigarette will make you a smoker again. There have been too many stories of people who hadnt smoked for years and wound up right back at their old level, kicking themselves every puff of the way, for anyone to seriously question the law of addiction. Which, by the way, is a Law like gravity, not a law like the speed limit. You might be able to drive too fast without getting caught, but dont step out of a plane just because nobodys around to see you.Never let your mind fall into the old rut of junkie thinking. Dont think of quitting as an end. Its the beginning of a healthy new lifestyle where unforeseen opportunities will open to you. Dont let your junkie tell you that the damage is already done. Yeah, you may have done some damage, but you dont have to do one bit more. Dont keep telling yourself that its hard. It takes a lot of effort but so does everything worth doing. You are learning new things and developing new skills every day. You are doing this.Never let your mind start to romanticize how great everything was whe n you got to smoke. And dont envy the smokers who are standing outside furtively getting their fix. Instead, remember what it was really like to need to smoke. If smoking was all that great, you wouldnt have ever considered quitting. Take a minute now and remember all the lousy stuff about needing to smoke.Never  let yourself think that you might smoke, even if its in the context of being afraid that you will smoke. Thats just giving yourself permission to do it, even if the permission comes with the price of beating yourself up later.Always recognize the truthâ€"you control your hands and your mouth. Nothing can make you smoke unless you decide to do it. Make that decision with your eyes wide open. Any dubious relief that a cigarette would offer will begin to wear off the moment you put the thing out, leaving you with nothing but a reawakened  chemical addiction. The only valid reason to smoke is to decide to become a smoker again and remain one until the day you die. And I really dont think theres any valid reason to decide that.Never  say never. The thought that you will never be able to smoke again is scary and might lead you to grab one because it could be the last chance. This is false. Cigarettes will still be for sale tomorrow and next week and next year. You will always be free to smoke. All you have to do is to decide to be a smoker again and accept all of the negatives that go with that right back into your life.Always post a message to your social support system before you smoke. And once you do, wait for at least three answers to your call for help. By the time those three come in, the urgency to smoke will have passed. What if youre out and you wont be able to post until you get home? Think about how long youve already gone without smoking. What difference will a few more hours make? Give your friends a chance to help before you relapse. Even better, give your own intelligent, rational mind a chance to kick in. Mantras Have a few mindless mantras that you can fall back on when youre just too tired to think anymore today. Theyre things that are too obviously true to argue with, and catchy enough to remember. You can often find them in peoples signature lines. They include: If I smoke one, Ill be right back to where I started. Where I started was desperately wishing I could be where I am today.What if you abandon the journey today and the peace would have come tomorrow?It is not a matter of if you will go to war with quitting smoking, but a matter of when you will go to war. Will you go while you are healthy and in control or when you are dying?We own our quits In times of stress, ask yourself, WWND? (What Would a Non-smoker Do?) Try to picture someone you know who has never smoked in the situation youre in  and try to imagine them reaching for a cigarette to get through it. The absurd notion that a cigarette would help them will help you see that the notion a cig will help you is absurd, too. Congratulations to everyone who will not smoke today.

The Korean War And The War - 940 Words

The United States has fought in many wars throughout the years. The Korean War took place from 1950-1953. It has also been called the forgotten war, as people do not recognize it like the Second World War, the Vietnam War or the Gulf War. This battle consisted of North Korea, South Korea and the United States. It was fought on sea, land and air. The Korean War was a clash between the Communist forces and the free world. Additionally, â€Å"the Korean War Veterans Memorial is located near the Lincoln Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. (Nurses in the Korean War). This memorial commemorates the sacrifices of the Americans who served in the armed services during this time. It was dedicated on July 27, 1995. This monument is unique†¦show more content†¦My grandfather lived outside in a foxhole for two years. He stated that the winters were extremely cold. Many soldiers were killed or severely injured. There was a lack of food and cold weather gear. Consequently, the draft was enacted when the Korean War began. The response fell short. It was during this time that women were asked to serve their country in time of need. The Army Nurse Corps responded to the call. The Army Nurse Corps is an organization that provides health care for military personnel, their families and also retirees. One of these brave nurses was named Anna Mae Hays. She served in a hospital unit during World War II. Once the war broke out in Korea, she organized the 4th Field Hospital in 1950 and participated in the Inchon Landing. â€Å"This hospital unit cared for more than 25,000 patients during the next ten months, one night receiving 700 wounded men. On June 11, 1970 she became the first woman in military history to attain general officer rank. On March 12, 2013 she was inducted into the U.S. Army Women’s Foundation Hall of Fame† (Nurses in the Korean War). Anna May Hays along with all the other nurses who enlisted put the well being of the wounded abo ve their own safety, whether on the battlefield, in a hospital, or on a ship saving thousands of lives. Service woman faced long days and heavy workloads. To accommodate the large number of casualties, hospitals had to extend their capabilities. â€Å"Without rest and nourishment nurses stayed on duty

The Pain of Which of the Following Topics Would Make an Effective Comparison Essay?

The Pain of Which of the Following Topics Would Make an Effective Comparison Essay? Which of the Following Topics Would Make an Effective Comparison Essay ? - Dead or Alive? You're able to take benefit of the business in case you genuinely feel watching out for it and prove to be fully convinced relating to your substantial grades and achievement. A lot of them keep searching for a consultation on the disturbing issue. A resume must seem professional and ought to demonstrate the employer he is the man or woman who can join in the team. By taking a look at the resume, employers have to be eager to understand about you better. Which of the Following Topics Would Make an Effective Comparison Essay ? at a Glance The secret to writing an effective essay is fantastic preparation. When you compose the introduction, you will need to see that you have some idea what you're going to write in the rest of the part of your essay. Then the next step is going to be to find out more about the expository essay structure. State briefly your key points of arguments and analysis in exactly the same order that you will follow through the remainder of your essay. When you sit down to compose an essay, it's important to recognize that your essay is going to have considerable influence on your score and that means you should offer your best for it. If your essay shouldn't be formal as hell, it's time for humor and irony. Write the introduction you can Now sit down to begin writing your essay. Writing a comparison essay isn't really hard. If you're going to compose an expository essay, be ready to devote much time hitting books. At times, the quotes of famous people are able to enhance your essay. It is extremely important to pay exclusive attention to the opening sentence. When you're writing, attempt to prevent employing the exact words and phrases over and over again. What You Should Do to Find Out About Which of the Following Topics Would Make an Effective Comparison Essay ? Before You're Left Behind Choosing the appropriate topics might take a while in case you don't have a list of sample topics before you. Deciding upon a topic is a critical issue that partly estimates final success of the job. Finding prompts is not in any way tough. The response is comparable to your description of the issue. In a Proposal to address an issue, it is necessary to spell out the issue specifically and globally. After you believe you have selected a topic, keep researching on it as a way to narrow it down and find a notion of what you're going to write about. You must research your topic to select three claims. Before you begin, it is imperative to choose topics which you really know well. The topic should specific so it does not generalize on the locations that are not under study. Locate the trustworthy information for the essay topic you are likely to work on. The presented topics can typically be classified into two divisions. Besides the phonetic rhythm, it is essential to create your essay dynamic by its sense. If you're writing a background synthesis, in some instances it could be appropriate that you provide an interpretation of the material or have a position (thesis). If in the procedure for writing you really feel like the outline needs adjustment, don't hesitate to repair it. It is essential that the reader trusts your writing and your sources of information. From its name, you can guess you need to have a very clear picture of a specific thing to be able to supply your reader with a very clear and concise explanation. The reader must comprehend the reason for your pick of research procedure. Your reader will observe all details throughout the prism of your ideology. Therefore, when you have information that's regarding the solution, select the info that moves your solution forward. Your choice for the remedy is directly regarding the specificity of your audience. Your research that helped you comprehend the issue and develop a solution required that you comprehend the justification for the solution. Which is the reason why a suggestion is a really priceless component!

Study of the Central Nervous System and the Peripheral nervous system Free Essays

string(79) " in patients with diabetes, acute renal failure and alopecia \(loss of hair\)\." Introduction Human body consists of different systems among them nervous system is one, it is composed of two parts they are- The Central nervous system: It is composed of brain and spinal cord; it transmits sensory information to the Central Nervous System from sense organ. The Peripheral nervous system: It connects the central nervous system to the glands, sensory organs, and muscle through different nerves. A nerve in our body is covered by a layer of protective sheath it is known as myelin. We will write a custom essay sample on Study of the Central Nervous System and the Peripheral nervous system or any similar topic only for you Order Now Myelin is a fatty substance made up of protein it provides protection to the nerves. It helps in the transmission of nerve impulse between the brain and other parts of the body by maintaining the speed of impulses. Each neuron consists of long thread of cytoplasm known as axon; it helps to transport messages from one part of the body to another it is a protected by the sheath of myelin. Axon conducts impulses at a very high rate and allows the transfer of information between neurons to assist motor function and sensory perception. As we know human beings with healthy immune system can fight with disease in proper way in compared with the people whose immune system is weak. Sometime immune system of human beings gets weaker by the different factors such as virus, bacteria, genetic as well as environment. Damage to the immune system causes the white blood cell to attack own healthy tissue and large number of immune cells enter into the central nervous system this is directed against the body’s own tissue it is known as autoimmune disease. Presence of large number of immune cells causes an inflammation this leads to damage of the myelin sheaths that protect the nerves and helps in the transmission of electric impulse in a great speed between the neurons. Due to the inflammation nerves gets separated from myelin this is known as demyelination then scarring (it is known as sclerosis) occurs at the place where nerves has been separated from myelin. Due to this plaques and inflammation are formed in this place and they vary in number (multi) this is known as multiple sclerosis this cause central nervous system to be affected. As a result delay in transmission of electric impulses between the parts of the body occurs. This leads in slowing day to day activity such as moving, speaking and so on. Many people gets affected by the multiple sclerosis around 85,000 people are affected by this disease in UK. Symptoms occur between the age of 20 and 40. But this disease has been found in theage of 15 this has been considered as an early age and 60 as later age. Women get affected two or three times more than men as well as their is chance that women get affected in early phase of life in compare to men. This disease can affect white race people in compare to other race. Multiple sclerosis affects Asian, Africanand Hispanic people rarely. Different people face different symptoms it depends on how myelin or axon is damaged thus the symptoms differs from person to person. If a symptom gets more worse it is known as relapse it is not predictable and the symptoms will last minimum for twenty four hours. If the symptoms aren’t seen or gets vanished it is known as remissions. Some common symptoms of this disease are- Feeling weak- Weakness is the common symptoms in multiple sclerosis, many people face this more time. Muscular spasms- This is also known as spasticity, in this symptom contraction occur in muscle. Blurred or double vision- Nerve that controls eye movement is damaged in this symptom. Due to this full range of movement can’t be covered and double vision occurs. Slurred speech- This is known as dysarthria, in this nerve which controls muscles linked with speaking gets decreased and the patient gets problem related to the speech. Tremor: In this shaking occurs various part of the body and they aren’t controllable. This is caused by the damage to the different part of the nerve pathways which helps in movement and co-ordination. Problem related with emotional- People face different problems related with emotion such as depression and anxiety. Pain- this is divided into two types they are Neuropathic pain-Nerve fibre gets damaged in this type of pain. Musculoskeletal pain- Pain occurs in muscle. Ataxia: Patient can’t control voluntary muscle movement they feel difficult to control the movement. Person feels weak when walking and difficult to manage balance when standing. Bladder and bowel problems: In this patient face the problem related with overactive bladder or underactive bladder. Constipation or urgency is the problem connected with the bowel. Cognitive problem: This is related with the thinking process, patients feel problem with remembering and learning any skilled work. As many people feel pain due to this disease, use of painkillers would be great help for the people suffering from this disease. If pain occurs due to damage in the nerve fibre then it is known as neuropathic pain. Medicine such as Gabapentin, Pregabalin, Amitriptyline, Imipramine and carbamazepine can be used to treat neuropathic pain. Gabapentin: Dose for neuropathic pain for adult over 18 years – 300 mg once a day on 1st day and 300 mg twice a day on 2nd day and then 300 mg 3 times daily on 3rd day can be given at the difference of every 8 hours, or 300 mg 3 times daily can be given on 1st day initially, the dose can be increased according to response in steps of 300mg daily (in 3 divided dose) every 2-3 days to max 3.6 gm daily. It is administered orally. Side effects of this medicine are feeling mouth dry, inflammation of gum, feeling burning like sensation in the mouth, dysarthria (difficult in articulation), nystagmus (involuntary eye movement), tremor, hepatitis, urinary incontinence, ataxia, fatigue, dizziness, blood glucose fluctuations in patients with diabetes, acute renal failure and alopecia (loss of hair). You read "Study of the Central Nervous System and the Peripheral nervous system" in category "Essay examples" Gabapentin works by increasing the level of GABA (Gamma Amino Butyric Acid) in the brain and inhibit the Central Nervous System. Pregablin: Dose for neuropathic pain for the adult over 18 years, 150 mg is given initially in 2-3 divided doses, it can be increased to maximum after 7 days that is 600 mg daily in 2-3 divided doses. It is administered orally. Side effects of this medicine includes dry mouth, constipation, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, euphoria, thrombocytopenia, swelling in joint, menstrual disturbances, pain in the breast, pancreatitis, change in sexual function and flatulence. It also works by increasing the level of GABA (Gamma Amino Butyric Acid) in the brain and inhibit the Central Nervous System. Amytriptyline: for the patient suffering from neuropathic pain initially ( 10- 25) mg daily at night it should be increased to 75 mg daily if necessary, higher dose should be administered under the supervision of specialist. It is administered orally. Side effects of Amytriptyline are as dry mouth, sedation, vision becomes unclear, constipation, nausea, difficulty in urination, tachycardia and arrhythmias It works by inhibiting the neuronal reuptake of nor adrenaline in the Central Nervous System; it also inhibits the reuptake of serotonin (5-HT). Prevention of the reuptake of this monoamine neurotransmitter cause to increase nerve impulse outside the brain cells thus increasing the availability of monoamines in the brain inhibits the depression. Co-codamol 30/500- this is an analgesic medicine this contains 30 mg codeine phosphate and 500 mg paracetamol it is used for severe pain. Codeine within it binds to the opioid receptors in the Central Nervous System and there is response to painful stimuli and the severity of pain is decreased. Paracetamol works by inhibiting the prostaglandin synthesis which stimulates pain in the body. Patients feel less pain when prostaglandin synthesis is inhibited. Dose: 1-2 tablets every 4 hours, maximum 8 tablets daily. Side effects: feeling dizzy, headache, mouth become dry, feeling pain while urinating, nausea, cramps in the stomach, sore throat It is administered orally. Carbamazepine: It is used to treat trigeminal neuralgia the pain in the regions of face. Trigeminal nerve can be found in three areas of the face they are the forehead, cheek and the jaw. Dose of carbamazepine: initially 100 mg 1-2 times daily should be increased according to response. Usual dose 200 mg 3-4 times daily, up to 1.6 g daily. Side effects: diplopia, constipation or diarrhoea, anorexia, fever, oedema, arthralgia, leucopoenia, hepatitis, Jaundice, depression, headache, drowsiness It is administered orally. Sometimes pain occurs in the body due to stiffness and muscle spasms pain caused by this is known as musculoskeletal pain. For the treatment caused by pain in muscle medicine such as Baclofen, Dantrolene can be used as they are muscle relaxant medicine. Baclofen: The dose of Baclofen is 5 mg 3 times daily with or after food, it can be increased gradually maximum 100 mg daily (it should be discontinued if benefit is not seen after 6 weeks). Side effects: dry mouth, hypotension, respiratory or cardiovascular depression, sedation, drowsiness, hallucinations, nightmare, urinary disturbance, nystagmus, abdominal pain and insomnia. It acts in the spinal cord and reduces nerve impulse from spinal cord to skeletal muscle. As there is decrease in the severity of muscle spasm; due to decrease in the spasms pain is also reduced. Dantrloene: Dantrolene show its action directly on the muscle, so it is known as direct acting muscle relaxant. It blocks the release of calcium ion from sarcoplasmic reticulum (it is the muscle where calcium is released and stored and it causes muscle to contract and relax.) As the release of calcium ion is blocked contraction of muscle won’t occur. Dose: Initially 25 mg daily and it may be increased at weekly intervals to max 100 mg 4 times daily; usual dose is 75 mg 3 times daily. It is administered orally. Side effects: drowsiness, fatigue, weakness, fatigue, bradycardia, confusion, abdominal pain, nervousness, increased urinary frequency, respiratory depression, fever and disturbance in the visual. Steroids are the hormone and it occurs naturally in the human beings body. Steroids suppress the immune system of the body and inflammation is reduced in the Central Nervous system. Due to this immune system within the body can’t damage myelin sheath which covers neurons and protect it. Steroids with high dose are prescribed because it increases up the improvement from a relapse. Some commonly used steroids are as follows Prednisolone: It is given orally initially up to 10-20 mg daily Methylprednisolone: Orally it is given 2-40 mg daily By infusion it is given up to 1gm daily for 3 days. Dexamethasone: Orally it is given usual range of 0.5-10 mg daily for the adult, for the child 10-100 mg/kg daily Different problem can be seen if a steroid is used for long term, problem such as Thinning of the skin, Osteoporosis, Blood pressure gets increased this can make the condition of diabetes patient make worse Change in the mood, Increased in the weight, Patients feel the taste of metallic in the mouth, Increased in heart beat, Ankles gets swollen, Women will face the problem of irregular menstruation, Change in sleep style occurs, Stomach gets upset, Delay in healing of the wound, There is more chance of suffering from infections, Changes occur in the colour of the skin These can be reduced by carrying some activities in the life such as – As higher strength drug can cause different problem it should be told to the doctor by the patient so that doctor can prescribe medicine with low dose. Corticosteroid can be taken alternatively so that there is no need of taking daily, prescriber can prescribe medication which can be used for short time. As this medication causes increase in weight patient should carry out some exercise daily, patient can deduct the amount of calories they are having and thus change in eating habits. Osteoporosis is also one of the problems related to the long term use of corticosteroids, patient can take food rich in calcium or vitamin D and they can also have the supplement of calcium or vitamin D so that the bone will be stronger. Prescriber can prescribe the medicine which contains Bisphosphonates such as Alendronic acid it reduces the rate of turnover of the bone which can be the treatment for osteoporosis. Different symptoms occur in the body due to this disease symptom such as Overactive bladder- to overcome this problem oxybutynin or toltrerodine can be used. As it is anticholinergic drug, it blocks the release of acetylcholine and the relaxation of smooth muscle of the bladder occurs then the patient won’t have the problem of urinary incontinence. Urine retention: Patients suffering from urine retention are catheterised normally. Fatigue and depression- This is also one of the leading problem that the patient of multiple sclerosis are facing. Medicine such as fluoxetine which is an antidepressant helps in managing the fatigue. As it is antidepressant it blocks up the reuptake of serotonin and raises its level outside the nerve ending. As the level is increased there won’t be any depression and the patient feel excitement which also leads patient to be active and get rid from fatigue. Sertraline is also given for the patient suffering from mild anxiety it also works by blocking reuptake of serotonin. Sleep disorder: Modafinal is used to treat the pattern of sleep disorder it also reduces the fatigue. It increases the level of dopamine and norepinephrine by blocking the reuptake of dopamine and by inhibiting the enzyme MAO (Mono Amino Oxidase). This is enzyme it metabolizes neurotransmitters such as dopamine; serotonin and norepinephrine as this medicine inhibit the enzyme MAO, level of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine won’t decrease in the body. This leads patient to be free from depression, which then help patient to get rid of excessive sleepiness. Sexual problem: As neurons get damaged in multiple sclerosis, sexual function gets affected because nerve which send message to the sexual organs don’t function properly and different problems related to sex starts to arise. About 70% women and 90% get affected due to the multiple sclerosis. For the men An oral medication Viagra is used, it helps to maintain erection. Medicine which can be injected: It is injected into the base of the penis and blood flow is increased during sexual intercourse and helps to maintain erection. Medicine related to relaxant of muscle and pain: It can also be used to treat spasms as well as the pain that occurs during the period of sexual contact. For the women Orally Viagra is also given to women. Vaginal lubricants helps women to get rid from vaginal dryness, this can be bought over the counter such as K-Y jelly. Constipation: To get rid from the constipation medicine which helps to make the stool softener such as senokot can be used, laxative can also be used. Vertigo: Medicine such as Prochlorperazine can be used to treat vertigo in multiple sclerosis. As it is anti-emetic it prevents the nausea and vomiting. Multiple sclerosis can be managed without the medicine as well. Doing regular exercise is beneficial to the people suffering from multiple sclerosis. Spasticity of muscle can be reduced by stretching the muscle and doing different type of exercise. Aerobic exercise such as swimming in cool water, brisk walk helps to reduce fatigue in the people suffering from multiple sclerosis. This exercise helps to get the blood pumping through the heart and it increases pulse and respiration. Having the herbal medicine such as St John’s Wort is also beneficial to the people suffering from multiple sclerosis, this is natural antidepressant. It increases the action of serotonin level in nerve pathways it also inhibits the enzymes which increases depression it also helps to maintain good immune system as it has got anti-inflammatory as well as antiviral properties it helps to the people suffering from multiple sclerosis. Infection of urinary tract can increase the relapse in multiple scleros is so having cranberry juice would be beneficial. As people suffer from stress in multiple sclerosis it can be reduced by doing the exercise which helps us to relax. Patient should try to be comfortable by slowing down the breathe and inhaling through the nose slowly. Patient suffering from multiple sclerosis should try to maintain healthy eating habits such as. They should have 2 litres of water per day, having appropriate amount of green vegetables, drinks which contain caffeine such as coffee, tea etc should be avoided because it increases fatigue in the patient, red meat also should be avoided because it aggravate inflammation. Saturated fats should be avoided by the patient such as cream, margarine because it may increase the symptoms of multiple sclerosis and unsaturated fats such as olives, cornflower oil, sunflower oil and rapeseed oil can be taken by the patient. As people suffer from constipation during the multiple sclerosis, taking the food which is rich in fibre would be beneficial for them. Disease modifying treatments are also known as immune modulating medications; it changes the activity of the immune system. It reduces the occurrence and severity of relapses as well as it prevents people from being disabled. Different types of drugs were introduced from the research such as- Interferon beta-1a, Interferon beta- 1b, Glatiramer Acetate, Natalizumb Where, interferon beta- 1a, 1b aren’t newly modified drug whereas Natalizumb is newly modified drug it was accepted in June 2006. Interferon beta is used in patients with relapsing, remitting multiple sclerosis. It has been used in a patient who has been suffering from active inflammatory process leading to single demyelinating. It blocks the entry of the harmful immune cells to the blood brain barrier so that harmful immune cells can’t damage the myelin sheath thus it helps to improve the function of the immune system. It is a protein and it occurs in a natural way in the body. It reduces inflammation as well as autoimmune reaction, reduction of this result in stopping of destruction of myelin. Glatiramer acetate: It is lab made medicine and is the mixture of amino acid (small component of protein). It is used for treating relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. It stops the entry of T cells that damage the myelin to improve thus reduces the chance of inflammation and protects the sheath of myelin which covers nerve fibres. It is injected under the skin daily. Natalizumab: This is also disease modifying medicine and it was accepted by the European Union in June 2006. It reduces the inflammation and demyelination by stopping the migration of leucocytes into the central nervous system. It is used in the treatment of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. While receiving the treatment it should be supervised by the specialist. As different research has been carried( under the experiment) out to introduce new disease modified drug some of them are as follows- Gilenya (Fingolimod). It is used in those patients who have been suffering from active relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and the use of Interferon Beta wasn’t successful. It is taken one capsule once a day, active ingredient within it is fingolimod 0.5 mg. According to research about 52% patients were recovered from relapse by the use of this medicine incomparision to the patient who are receiving interferon beta. This medicine works by retaining the lymphocytes in the lymph nodes, in this way the lymphocytes which cause an inflammation can’t reach to the central nervous system and myelin sheath doesn’t separated from myelin. Cladribine It is administered orally dosage form is tablet and is undergoing final phase trial iii. According to research by comparing patient taking cladribine and placebo, patient receiving cladribine for a period of two year relapse was reduced by 60% and the patient taking this medicine for more than three months development of disability was reduced by 30%. As this medicine is administered between 8 to 10 days in a year patient can get rid from getting injection as well as intravenous infusion regularly. This medicine wasn’t approved by the European Drug Regulator in September 2010, so this medicine is under the clinical trial it is thought that it would be available by 2012. This medicine reduces the amount of harmful immune cells getting into the blood, so they can’t reach to the myelin sheath and myelin sheath gets protected. Liquinimod: This medicine is under the research for the treatment of patient suffering from relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. This medicine regulates the entry of harmful immune cells into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). It is administered orally dosage form is tablets. According to clinical trial phase ii this medicine decreases the disease by 30% when the patients were treated with this medicine for more than 6 months and the patient who are at the initial stage of this disease they get it reduced by 40%. Research on second phase iii is still ongoing. Teriflunomide: According to research 179 people were taken in the clinical trial phase ii it was for more than 36 weeks. A drug with 2 different strength that is 7mg and 14 mg were considered and was compared with placebo. Result shows that higher dose helps to reduce relapse by 67% and lower dose reduce the symptoms by 39%. Studies related to phase iii shows that it is comparing the benefit of this medicine in relapsing multiple sclerosis in compared to placebo and interferon beta 1a. As lymphocytes damage myelin sheath and cause multiple sclerosis. This medicine inhibits the division of this cell rapidly and it can’t reach to the blood and inflammation wouldn’t occur. It is administered orally as a tablet. BG-12: This medicine was compared to placebo in those patients suffering from relapsing remittig multiple sclerosis. The study was carried for more than 24 weeks and the data shows that relapse rate was reduced by 32% but it wasn’t considered significant and it is under the experiment phase iii. It is taken orally as tablets and two or three times a day. Reference: Online References: www.mult-sclerosis.org/howms.html www.netdoctor.co.uk www.nhs.uk www.mstrust.org.uk www.ukmi.nhs.uk Book refrences Flinton Christine C raggs(2006) living with multiple sclerosis, London, Sheldon press. Sctt N William and Mc Grath Deirdre (2009), made Incredibly Nursing Pharmacology Martin John (2009) BNF, 57th edition, London, Royal Pharmaceutical Society. How to cite Study of the Central Nervous System and the Peripheral nervous system, Essay examples

Throughout Away Essay Example For Students

Throughout Away Essay Throughout Away many characters go through changes, Gwen changes from a nagging housewife into a sympathetic and more balanced individual. Roy goes from being very insecure about life to knowing how to deal with his problems and live life as it comes. Coral, is also very insecure about life after the death of her son, she is longing for attention and doesnt know how to be around people. By the end of the play she is at least trying to be social and be around people. At the beginning of the play Gwen is a nagging housewife. She is always right, well she thinks she is anyway. She changes into a more sympathetic and balanced individual. Vic has showed her to put love, not possessions and status, first. She was obsessed with orderliness and comfort because of her deprived childhood. This has ruined her relationships with her husband and Daughter. Towards the end of the play Gwen hears of Toms illness Leukemia this turns her towards more humane and fitting values. Gwen at the Beginning: Act 2 Scene 2 Well do you think theyll pack themselves? Do you think holidays happen on their own? to Gwen at the end: We will write a custom essay on Throughout Away specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Act 4 Scene 1 What do you think of me? You must hate me? Why do you still bother? Roy goes from being in complete denial as he lost his son in the Vietnam War to being a little more caring and understanding toward others. He doesnt talk to his wife Coral very much except to patronize her and give her lectures about snapping out of it his insensitivity extends Coral Grief period beyond what it need be. He threatens her with Electro-compulsive therapy a physical horror to follow her mental one. This forces Coral into total isolation and to run away. By the end of the play Roy is seeking for forgiveness, as well as love and reconciliation from Coral. When he kisses her hands. Roy at the Beginning: Act1 Scene 3 I thought I told you to stay in the car! to Roy at the end: Act 3 Scene 3 Coral? Sweetheart? Come back to the party. Coral was deep in grief at the beginning of the play, her worldview was distorted by the pain she can not escape. Her husband Roy is of little help, so she turned to others in hope of their willingness to help. The substitute son Rick and to some extent Tom. The play The stranger on the shore helps express her predicament and the taking of belief in life that she has found. In the end she is finally reunited with Roy and this changes her life. She begins to over her grief and live life as it comes. Coral at the start: Act 2 Scene 3 I dont ignore anyone. To Coral at the end: Act 3 Scene 3 I like to talk. Everyone goes through changes thoughout their lives some are noticeable and some are not so noticeable. Some changes are drastic and some are only minor. You can never know when someone will change it just happens. We all change at different stages of our lives.

Just in Time for the Holidays ... How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile is now in PRINT!

Just in Time for the Holidays ... How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile is now in PRINT! As you may have read in my recent newsletters and my recent blog article, I have been working tirelessly on a print version of How to Write a KILLER LinkedIn Profile, and Im happy to announce that its finally ready and available in full color just in time for the holidays! With this print version, my goal is to reach a wider audience, including universities, bookstores, and the people who simply prefer to hold a real paper book in their hands. Is that you? You may be asking yourself, But isnt LinkedIn constantly changing? Yes, it is! Thats why with every copy of my print version, I am also including a subscription to unlimited LIFETIME updates of the PDF version of my e-book. Youll have the inside scoop on whatever changes LinkedIn is making and my up-to-date tips for keeping with the latest trends. What a perfect holiday gift for your job-seeking friends and family! And for a limited time, get my early bird price plus free shipping! I have been contacted by numerous recruiters, and it has only been four days since I purchased the book! Now, I have people at work asking me to help them work on their accounts. MUST buy!!! Bill Cozad, Account Manager, Milwaukee, WI Thank you for you for supporting my effort to get the print version of my book into circulation. And please pass this information along to any people or groups who would benefit from a KILLER LinkedIn profile. Happy Holidays!

15 Frequently Confused Pairs of Verbs

15 Frequently Confused Pairs of Verbs 15 Frequently Confused Pairs of Verbs 15 Frequently Confused Pairs of Verbs By Mark Nichol These similar-looking words below have dissimilar meanings. Make sure you’re using the write one in each pair. 1. Amused/bemused: To be amused is to be entertained; to be bemused is to be confused. 2. Appraise/apprise: To appraise is to evaluate; to apprise is to inform. 3. Ascribe/subscribe: To ascribe is to attach an idea to a source; to subscribe is to hold belief in an idea. 4. Attain/obtain: To attain is to reach; to obtain is to acquire. 5. Barter/haggle: To barter is to trade; to haggle is to negotiate. 6. Born/borne: To be born is to be brought forth; to be borne is to be carried along. 7. Borrow/loan: To borrow is to receive something for temporary use; to loan is to provide something on those terms. 8. Careen/career: To careen is to lean over to one side or to sway; to career is to hurry carelessly. (And to carom is to ricochet.) 9. Censor/censure: To censor is to ban; to censure is to reprimand. 10. Criticize/critique: To criticize is to judge harshly or in a negative manner; to critique is to evaluate. 11. Denigrate/deprecate: To denigrate is to defame or belittle; to deprecate is to disapprove or deemphasize (but can also, like denigrate, mean to disparage). 12. Differ/vary: To differ is to disagree or to be distinct from; to vary is to change (although differ can also refer to variation). 13. Espouse/expound: To espouse is to support; to expound means to state, explain, or defend (which is also distinct from the phrase â€Å"expand on,† which means to provide additional or digressive details). 14. Rebut/refute: To rebut is to argue in response to another argument; to refute is to deny an argument. 15. Wangle/wrangle: To wangle is to obtain by underhanded means; to wrangle is to wrestle. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Signs and Symbols You Should KnowDriver License vs. Driver’s LicenseDrama vs. Melodrama

The Suicide Attacks on September 11, 2001 Essay

The Suicide Attacks on September 11, 2001 - Essay Example By the end of the day, close to 3000 people had lost their lives and the government had declared a war on the terrorist groups, in what could be termed as a paradigm shifting moment in US history (David, 2007). This paper is a critical evaluation of the events which occurred on this day and the aftermath. The suicide attacks on September 11, 2001 September 11 attacks, also known as 911 attacks, will always linger in the minds of Americans, who were the direct victims of 4 coordinated suicide assaults, which took place in two cities i.e. New York and Washington, in the morning of September 11, 2001 (David, 2007). At first, there were beliefs that the attacks were orchestrated by the al-Qaeda terrorist network but these were later confirmed by the then leader of this network, Osama bin Laden, who had denied those allegations at first. This was a unique occurrence based on the fact that they defied the norm with regard to the manner in which the network carried it out. The most common s uicide attacks involved individuals delivering explosives and detonating them once they were at the enclosure of their target. In this case, they opted to utilize hijacked air planes as their weapon of destruction. 4 planes were hijacked by the terrorists meaning that they had already identified 4 possible targets and as it later turned out, they included the Pentagon, the world trade center which had twin towers i.e. the north and south towers, and another target, which was alleged to be the white house (David, 2007). The hijacked airplanes comprised of; American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175, which were traveling from Boston to Los Angeles, American Airlines Flight 77, which was travelling from Dulles to Los Angeles and United Airlines Flight 93 from Newark to San Francisco (Lee, 2002). According to reports, these air planes combined had a total of approximately 246 passengers, 19 hijackers and approximately 33 crew members, figures which are said to be extreme ly low based on the fact that the planes had a total carrying capacity of approximately 694 passengers. Some reports tend to suggest that there was a possibility that the booking process had been manipulated allegedly to reduce the number of casualties (Spiegel, 2002). At approximately 08.46 hrs local time, flight 11 was crashed into the 96th floor of the north tower, killing all those on board while flight 175 was crashed into the south tower at around 9:30 am, which was about 44 minutes after the first crash. Flight 77 on the other hand was crashed into pentagon at around 9:37 am while flight 93 clashed in Pennsylvania at around 10:30 am. Apparently, passengers aboard flight 93 wrestled with the hijackers in an attempt to seize the control of the flight as they had become aware of the crashes that took place earlier during the day but on realizing their mission had been compromised, the terrorists decided to crash the plane so to avoid losing its control and probably get arrested by the US government (Lee, 2002). The north tower of the world trade center succumbed to the crash and collapsed after approximately 1hour 20 min from the time of impact, while the south tower burned for approximately 1 hour before giving in and collapsing. The result of these attacks was that 2996 people lost

France increasingly eclipsing Spain as the favorite destination for UK Essay

France increasingly eclipsing Spain as the favorite destination for UK property buyers to invest - Essay Example If you thought the overseas property market is dying due to the recent financial upheavals, then think again. The most-recent and the biggest-ever study of overseas holiday homeowners has revealed that in spite of price falls ranging from ten percent in France to fifty percent in Spain, the number of Britons purchasing homes in other European countries has actually increased in course of the recent recession. In 2006 for instance, some 385,000 Britons owned holiday homes in other European countries, a figure that has since increased tremendously to as high as 430,000 by 2010 (Avella, 2004). Reflecting travel and tourism trends, investments in long haul holiday destinations like Caribbean, Asia, and Africa, which generally offers warm climates enable holiday home owners to benefit from longer visiting seasons and therefore, longer rental periods. Correspondingly, holiday homeowners have been taking advantage of the short-term letting in the year-round city-break market (Keller, & Bieger, 2008). However, compared to inland nation and urban locations, it is beach holiday destinations that seem to attract most second home investment. Motivated both by the letting potential and their own holiday plans, over half of UK overseas properties owners have bought homes in coastal areas as can be demonstrated by the graph below. Due to this changing environment in the property market in Europe, we are going to explore the attractiveness of a number of countries in terms of overseas property investment. In this case, we will focus on three European countries namely; France, Italy, and Spain. ... currently, we will be able to advice our clients on those countries (Italy, France, and Spain) on whether to continue holding on to their property investment or to sell them. Sample Framework: In coming up with appropriate information to help ascertain which among France, Italy, and Spain is a better property investment destination at the moment, we will be required to ask property investor in UK a number of a question on each of these countries and score them on a 5-point Likert Scale before using a Frequency distribution as a quantitative technique to draw a conclusion. Sample Size and Technique: The sample of this research will be a total of ten property investors residing in UK. The research will make use a number of sampling techniques namely; a. Random sampling; questionnaires will be issued at random to people who have properties in all or any of the three countries (Italy, France, and Spain), something that is expected to ensure that each property investor residing in the UK is accorded an equal chance of participating in the research. b. Convenient sampling; because of the difficulty that might be involved in identifying a UK citizen who is not only conversant but also up-to-date with overseas property investment, it might be a bit difficult to achieve randomness in this research. However, in order to bypass this handicap it therefore becomes necessary to issue a questionnaire or hold an interview with any UK property investor that the researcher bumps on, which is a measure that will help the researcher achieve randomness in this research. c. Purposive sampling; because of the complexity of some of the issues, reaction of some research questions will require the input of particular property investor. This therefore calls for an approach that will see to it

The Value Proposition in Barclays PLC

The Value Proposition in Barclays PLC The organization that is used for this assignment is Barclays PLC; this project is divided into three parts. The first parts aim is to identify and to explain what is the perceived value for the customers, to do this, suitable models of consumer values are going to be used and then the model will be applied to the organization. The second part will critically evaluate the value proposition of the business and then a comparison will be made with that of the leading competitors value proposition. The third part would produce a new value proposition, which will match the value criteria of the existing customers; this will be done by identifying the weaknesses in the existing value proposition. It will also provide us with a plan to implement the value proposition internally and externally. Using suitable models identify the customer perceived value for the customers for a product/division/company of your choice. Customer perceived value, what does this really mean? Customer perceived value, can be regarded as the opinion that a customer has or has formed of a particular product and how it is of value to him. Simply put, the customer perceived value of any product is the consumers overall assessment of the utility or use of a product based on perceptions of what the customer receives and what he is giving to get the desired service or product. This concept can also be explained with the help of the following diagram: Customer perceived value= Perceived Benefits _______________ Perceived Sacrifice Where, Perceived benefits are the attributes of the service being received and the customer perceived quality and price of the product. Perceived sacrifice are the customer costs involved in purchasing, such as time, travel etc. Introduction to the organisation: For the purpose of this assignment, the company that has been selected is BARCLAYS PLC; the following text would give a brief company profile followed by the identification of the customer perceived value for the organisation by the use of the Customer Value Hierarchy Model. Company profile: Barclays is one of the worlds leading financial institutions headquartered at 1 Churchill Place, London. It is a 300 year old corporation that became a major financial services provider that engaged in retail and commercial banking, credit cards, wealth management, investment banking and management services provider for big global equity firms. It has an extensive international presence in Europe, Africa, Asia and off lately has started to expand in the United States market as well. It moves, lends, protects and invests money for than 38 million customers and clients worldwide. Barclays has two business clusters: Global Retail Banking and Corporate and Investment Banking and Wealth Management- both compromising world-class business and brands. Before we take a look at the customer perceived value of the Barclays brand, the project would like to discuss the Customer Value Hierarchy Model, and then try to apply them to the customers of Barclays. Customer Value Hierarchy Model: OBJECTIVE LAYER Customers goal and purpose CONSEQUENCE LAYER Desired consequences in use situation ATTRIBUTE LAYER Desired products/services attribute and performances The Customer Value Model consists of three layers, namely the Attribute layer, the Consequence Layer and the Objectives layer. The objective layer includes the ultimate motivations of customers, the consequence layer represents the customer experience desired by the person and finally the attribute layer specifies what actually the needs of the customer are. From the bottom of the customer value hierarchy, customers would always firstly consider the attributes and availability of products. At the second layer, customers begin to make expectations according to the attributes. At the top layer, customers form expectations about the realization of their aim. How do Barclays customers perceive their bank? Thats the question that this assignment would like to answer by giving the objectives, consequences and attributes desired by the customers, followed by a customer review. OBJECTIVES Easy personal banking Safety of the account at all times Saving account options Availability of loans at a good interest rate Online banking to keep a record of their account details at all time Ability to invest Good mortgage options Insurance options Credit card facilities Assistance while travelling CONSEQUENCES Easy accessibility to the account Peace of mind as the customer is aware that the account details are secure and safe More control over their own finances The customer does not require to keep much cash with them at all times because of the debit cards Saving for the rainy day A secure and safe environment Future is taken care off Can start a business with the help of financial banking More purchasing power ATTRIBUTES Pin- sentry device Debit card Online banking facilities which enable the customers to check account balances, make transfers, setup standing orders and direct debits. Chequebooks Barclaycard ISAs Bonds Home insurance Different types of savings accounts Different types of current accounts Overdraft facility E-savings Car insurance Travel services Looking at the above attributes, consequences and objectives list one can identify the value of the brand as perceived by the customer. The brand Barclays is a very widely recognized name and almost every person in the UK is a big fan, of course with some exceptions which are bound to be there, the customers on a general note feel very happy with the huge array of services and products made available by the bank for its customers and are satisfied with the huge network of customer service centres spread all across the world providing 24/7 customer service, also the safe and secure online banking facility provided by Barclays is very user friendly and easy to use, letting the customers always keep a track of their money. So its safe to say that Barclays as a bank not only just for people but also for small businesses and big equity firms is a financial institution of repute and is trusted and respected by the people. PART 2 Critically evaluate the existing value proposition of the product/division/ company you have chosen. Compare and contrast the value proposition with that of the leading competitor in your sector. This part of the project would evaluate the value proposition or the customer value proposition of Barclays and contrast it with the customer value proposition of HSBC. But before we proceed to comparing and contrasting the value propositions of both the brands we first need to understand, what a customer value proposition really is? This is the question this project would answer first and then proceed on to discuss the variations in the value propositions of both the brands. Customer Value Proposition: In the subject of marketing, the customer value proposition is a measure of the sum total of the benefits which a provider offers or promises a potential consumer which he/she will receive in return for the customers payment (or any other value transfer). A customer value proposition is a business or marketing statement that would describe why a customer should make use of the services and products being offered by the organisation. It is targeted towards potential consumers, rather than at other groups such as employees, suppliers or partners. It is a defined statement, which is designed to convince the customers that this particular product will add more value or better solve a problem than the other competitors in the same industry. Why are customer value propositions so important? This question is of utmost importance to any business, because it is only these statements that give the customer an expectation of a desired service, it provides the consumers with a convincing reason to buy the desired good and also helps differentiate the product from the other services provided by the other competitors in the same industry. They help in gaining customers attention and if the customer value proposition is strong, and is able to gain the approval of the customer that helps in building of faster and more profitable sales and in increasing the market share of the organisation. Understanding of the customer needs is very vital as this would ensure the promotion and creation of a successful brand. Types of Customer Value Propositions: All benefits: This is a list compilation of all the benefits of the products and services offered to the customers by the organisation. This approach requires the least market knowledge about customers and competitors and thus does not provide a good base when seen from a marketing perspective. Favourable Points of Difference: This type of value proposition explicitly recognizes the fact that the customer has different alternatives and it then it lays it focus on how to differentiate one product or service from another. A product or service can have several differences, confusing the customer and thus complicating the customers understanding of the product which would offer him more value. Resonating Focus: This approach is used by managers who directly deal with a supplier who fully grasps the critical issue in the product- consumer cycle and who delivers a customer value proposition thats simple yet powerfully captivating. The value proposition offered is superior in the few attributes that are of the most importance to the customers which convey a message to the targeted audience, that here is an organisation which is communicating a sophisticated understanding of the customers business priorities. When talking about the value proposition of a financial institution we have to take into account the current market conditions and then arrive at the capital and funding strategy of the bank which in itself is a sort of value proposition available for the customers to have a look at and, then these consumers can decide for themselves whether they do need to associate themselves with the financial institution. Analysis of value proposition of Barclays: Capital Strategy: Barclays capital management activities will attempt to maximise shareholders value by optimising the level and mix of its capital resources. Barclays ability to operate as a bank is directly dependent upon the maintenance of adequate capital resources. Barclays works according to a centralised capital management model considering regulatory and economic capital. The Groups capital management objectives are to: Maintaining the sufficient capital required to meet minimum regulatory capital requirements set by the UK FSA. Maintaining sufficient capital resources which can support the Barclays risk appetite and fulfil the economic capital requirements. Support the banks credit rating Ensure that the locally regulated subsidiaries can meet the minimum capital requirements without having to borrow from other financial firms. Allocation of capital to support the strategic objectives set by Barclays, including optimum returns on economic and regulatory capital. Funding strategy: Barclays will manage the funding position so as to comply with the regulatory requirements decided by the UK FSA .Barclays operates on the model of centralised governance and control processes that covers all of its liquidity risk and management activities. Funding Structure Global Retail, Commercial Banking, Barclays Wealth and the Head Office Functions are to be self-funded through customer deposits and Barclays equity and other long-term capital. The Barclays Capital and Absa businesses will be funded through the wholesale secured and unsecured funding markets. The major currency payment inflows and the payment system collateral are going to be monitored and managed, so it can be ensured that at all the times there is going to be availability of sufficient collateral to make payments. Day to day funding will be managed through putting limits on wholesale and the secured borrowings. This is going to ensure that on any day and over any specified period of time there is only going to be a limited amount of refinancing requirement. In addition to cash flow management, Barclays would monitor the term mismatches between the assets and the liabilities and also the levels and the types of undrawn lending commitments.Additional value propositions specific to a personal customer and not the global market: Personal banking made easy by the debit card that is an internationally valid card which has many advantages like international assistance anytime anywhere, guaranteed transactions etc. Wide range of current accounts available to suit different customer needs.(mobile phone insurance, car breakdown cover etc.) Availability of loans at competitive rates Online facilities giving easy accessibility to customer funds. 24/7 customer service Wide array of savings and investment options Credit card facilities Insurance facilities(home, motor and life insurance) Mortgage facilities(buying, building and renovating of property) To understand the customer value proposition of Barclays and then to contrast it with the value proposition of HSBC, this project is going to use the SWOT analysis which is preceded by the mission statements and the vision statements of both Barclays and HSBC, thus giving us a better idea of what the customer expects from the brand and what are the promises being made by these institutions to potential and existing consumers. Mission Statement: This is a short, formal, written statement of the purpose of the company. It guides the actions of the company, benchmarks its goals, provides a sense of direction and guides in decision making. It provides a framework within which the strategies of the company are formulated. Vision Statement: This can be defined as statement that captures the long term picture of what the organisation wants to become. It gives a broad and an aspirational image of the future that an organisation wants to achieve. It is often inspirational and memorable. Mission Statement of Barclays: To develop deliver the most innovative products, manage customer experience, deliver quality services that contributes to brand strength, establishes a competitive advantage and enhances profitability, thus providing value to the stakeholders of the bank. Vision Statement of Barclays: We have a clear view of where growth will come from over the coming years. While there will be significant growth opportunities in the UK, we see many more internationally. Barclays will become a leading global universal bank. Mission Statement of HSBC: We aspire to be one of the worlds great specialist banking groups, driven by commitment to our core philosophies and values. Vision Statement of HSBC: We envision enabling HSBC to achieve its strategic objectives, driving excellence in our delivery through partnership with our customers and associates. SWOT Analysis of Barclays: Strengths: Extensive network in Europe providing business sustenance. Focus on cost efficiencies which ensure relatively higher profitability. Ability to lend amidst reduced size of the balance sheet. Associated with innovation, Barclays in 1966, brought out the first credit card, most recently the OnePulse card combining Oyster, credit cashless functions for its customers. Opening of several new branches, along with a massive refurbishment programme. Weaknesses: Strained trading income impacting the revenue diversity. Barclays Capital credit market exposures are impacting the financial position and performance. Large bonuses for the Directors have attracted unwanted attention. Expansion plans in the Asian market thwarted, when Barclays lost the deal for ABN Amro in 2006. Opportunities: Barclays wanted to acquire Lehmans assets prior to the collapse but however, after the collapse, they negotiated a better deal with the liquidators which allowed them to be selective in what parts of the business they actually wanted to acquire. The banks strategy was to offer a full plethora of services worldwide, which provided a wide range of cross-selling opportunities. Asia is still an opportunity for business expansion, and thus operations are going to be set up at various locations. Welfare provision has been decreased in many countries because of the subsequent cost to governments, and  Barclays  considers self-provision as an increasing fad that it can use. Positive outlook for buy to let market may bring business volumes. Buoyant secured personal loans market in the UK could help the business. Threats: Bleak outlook for the UK economy. Regulatory fines can compress margins and financial position. Increase in online fraud. Barclays  is accused of loss-making investments which are associated with the sub-prime market from the accounts to those of other investors, and there could be legal risk. Though it offers a wide range of services, there is a threat that customers may go to suppliers who can present a more specialised approach. Barclays has been closing branches left right and centre, and the competitors have positioned themselves as more consumer-friendly by adopting a strategy of keeping the branches open. The Asia expansion is risky given that  Barclays group  are not in a strong position than the banking industry leaders when it comes to capitalisation, and this can detract investors. SWOT Analysis of HSBC: Strengths: The bank is well capitalised which enables it to perform well in comparison with other banks in the recent economic conditions. Going forward, the bank is unlikely to borrow from the UK government because of the huge market capitalization; this enables it to retain more autonomy. HSBC has a strong presence in emerging markets, which places it in a good position allowing it to take advantage of future growth in those economies. HSBCs global presence in Asia, South America and Europe spreads the risk and offers significant economies of scale. Rebranding relatively recently (1999), the HSBC bank has become well-established and is considered of great value within the industry circles. Weaknesses: HSBC strongly believes in investing in the small business sector, but the current economic downturn has led to increase in risk, which could potentially compromise the activity levels in the area of its operation. HSBCs involvement with sub-prime markets in the US has forced it to write off large sum of figures lent to high-risk borrowers. Despite cuts in the UK interest rate, HSBC has been increasing its mortgage rates. This can be perceived negatively by the borrowers and potential borrowers, which may add pressure to a depressed housing market and can ultimately lead to more defaulting as borrowers would struggle with higher repayments. A redundancy programme which was announced recently can affect morale among staff, leading to decreased productivity and loyalty. HSBCs branding emphasises the global presence of the bank, and this may be seen as negative thing by some consumers due to the implication of homogenisation and the lack of personalisation. Opportunities: HSBCs high levels of market capitalisation place the bank, in a strong position which helps it to acquire assets. Banks which find the trading conditions particularly difficult at present could be available at low costs. HSBC has adequate capital which it uses to purchase strong local banks such as Bank Ekonomi in Indonesia, in which it has purchased a stake to continue the Asian expansion despite challenging economic times. HSBCs strong position presents the opportunity to outperform other banking competitors during the economic downturn which allows it to build a reputation of being one of the safe banks for depositors which further helps to increase resources for lending. Negative press coverage of competitors such as HBOS may encourage customers to choose HSBC instead. Threats: Decreased trust in the financial system overall, including HSBC due to financial losses suffered by investors may be a reason for them to invest elsewhere. Financial losses which have affected the banking industry and the sole investors on the global scale has resulted in less amount of credit being available for customers. In the UK this coupled with increases in living cost has resulted in less money being saved. The slump property market is leading to a rise in the numbers of homeowners with negative equity. If a propertys worth is less than what it was borrowed to finance its purchase, then there is going to be less likelihood that the bank will recoup all the losses if owners default. Claims have been made against HSBC, about the bank understating its losses resulting from the US sub-prime markets, and this has led to undermining confidence in the bank by the customers. CONCLUSION: Barclays is currently taking a  conservative approach due to the recession. However, the downturn has provided the bank with many opportunities for consolidation. Also, with the BRIC and East Asian markets rebounding fast this region looks to be a source of potential revenues and provides opportunities for increasing operations. With the United Kingdom and the Americas looking at a slow and prolonged phase of recovery, Barclays will need to adopt a policy of looking east when it comes to operations. The threats and problems being faced by Barclays will be because of the sustained economic situation being experienced in the United Kingdom, America and Europe which leads to uncertainty within the retail consumer market and could result in shortage of availability of credit. This in turn makes it even more important for Barclays to drive the overall corporate profitability margin by seeking to offset the shortfalls in the UK domestic market by making advances in the emerging markets. All the companies, like Barclays, are forced to re-examine the retail aspects of their operations which are seeking to remain competitive on the high street and also to make cuts wherever necessary. In the current financial climate, banks are not ready to finance each other and with the UK market on the verge of a projected severe recession, all of the retailing factors will influence Barclays competitiveness and it would depend largely on how the Bank of England and the Treasury would regenerate and r einforce the weak confidence in the stock markets. HSBC will concentrate on the strategic and prioritized areas of its worldwide operation with the further emphasis on HR management strategies and technologically-advanced applications within the group to keep a firm lead in the financial markets. HSBCs conservative approach to banking, staying focused on keeping its capital base strong and liquid balance sheet have prevented its failure. Executing the HSBCs strategy emphasizes on improving the intra-group linkages by joining up the businesses and functions so as to effectively create additional value. The HSBC brand is going to be leveraged to reach new customers and add more services to the existing ones. Efficiency will also be enhanced by taking the full advantage of the local, the regional and global economies. Appropriate objectives and new incentives will be adopted so as to encourage employees to be fully engaged in delivering the strategy. PART 3 In light of your analysis of your existing value proposition and what you have learnt in this module produce, a new value proposition that will match the value criteria of your customers, and a plan to implement the value proposition externally and internally http://openlearn.open.ac.uk/pix/spacer.gif To create a new value proposition that would be acceptable to the customers of Barclays, all the weaknesses that the current business structure has would have to be removed and a new and better business plan would have to be drafted by identifying the opportunities and removing the weaknesses. A New Value Proposition: The trading income should be relaxed so that it does not impact the revenue diversity. Capital bonuses should be distributed in accordance with the FSA and the bad practice of the directors receiving huge bonuses should be curtailed. Barclays should provide the consumers with a full portfolio of services worldwide, rather than just concentrating in the UK, this move could enable cross-selling opportunities. Barclays should look towards expanding in the worlds booming economies like India, China, Indonesia etc. so that these economies could provide Barclays with the market opportunities it is looking for, thus increasing the market capitalization. This project would propose that Barclays should have an aggressive expansion policy in the Asian market. Barclays needs to invest in buy to let market, which would in turn bring business volumes. Due to the economic crisis in the markets, Barclays needs to cut down its interest rates and mortgage rates, so as to become a peoples bank and thus raising the brand image. PLAN IMPLEMENTATION: To implement the new value proposition described above the project, will identify the key relationship-marketing issue, followed by refocusing of marketing effort: moving activities away from a marketing mix that creates a series of one-off transactions, to manage a complex network of relationships involved with the production of the whole consumer offering. T Marketing audit will be carried out so as to map out a plan that will be of most advantage to the customers and will be conducted in stages, namely at the beginning, the middle and at the end. Marketing analysis in terms of the strengths, weakness, threats and opportunities. A review must be undertaken to understand the new value propositions outlined above in the light of internal marketing. A new strategy development process concentrating on differentiation, cost leadership and adequate response systems would have to be created. Action programmes would have to be designed by managers so as to determine the most appropriate course to take in tackling the weakness of the organisation, with a determination of the likely costs which would be incurred. The implementation plan would have to be monitored and controlled by keeping a track of staff performance, evaluation and appraisal schemes. To ensure effective, appropriate and accurate results, basis for market segmentation would have to be identified, based on extensive market research. Marketing orientation is going to be very important, the new value propositions must be made clear to all the employees and clearly defined individual goals should be set down to enable the employees to see their own contribution in achieving the organisations objectives. Externally implementing the plan is going to be very important, and can be done by the use of media, electronic, print and sponsorships. The new value propositions can be made available in the form of television advertisements, available for all the people to see. The Barclays website can act as a powerful medium on which the new value propositions can be put up and made available. It should be designed in an effective and detailed manner so that the customers are aware about all the new services available to them. Print media is another powerful form by which the new policies can be made available for the masses. Barclays is a big sponsor for many big international events and meets and can use that as an active platform to educate the consumers about the new change in the policy structure.

Determining The Longetivity Of E.Coli’s Gaining Resistance Ability: A Comparison Between The Bacteriophage T-4 And Antibiotic

The surfacing of a variety of drugs for resisting antibiotic for disease-inflicting bacteria has already been a big issue and at the same a vital dilemma in treating all types of human diseases. This immediately requires another option, a substitute way of providing therapy to the human diseases. It has been found in previous researches and experiments the wonders of having bacteriophages highly considered to be â€Å"healing viruses. † John MacGregor (2003) has brought up an intriguing issue regarding bacteriophages when he wrote his research article entitled â€Å"Set A Bug To Catch A Bug†.Apart from the title, his words were â€Å"As the power of antibiotic wanes, viruses that hijack bacteria and smash them into pieces could be the answer to our prayers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . He explained in his article the possibilities of replacing antibiotics as the solution to a lot of virus-causing diseases including virus infections. Bacteriophages were first discovered by a British c hemist named E. H. Hankin. It was considered to be a virus in 1915 by Frederick Twort, a British bateriologisy. The occurrence of that first intrigue found by Dr.Hankin paved its way for more discoveries performed by a Canadian microbiologist named Felix d’Herelle. He agreed with Twort when he also considered it to be a virus and then later he named it as a â€Å"bacteriophage†. Upon his successful experimentations, he was confident that these bacteriophages will be very helpful and at the same time when he used them with the children who were almost dying dysentery at a hospital in Paris. The test solutions were distributed to every patient hoping that it will be effective, and fortunately, these cured the children for just one night.With D’Herelle’s primary success, the use of phage therapy was further studied. From then on, the advantages it provides were widely spread globally. These page therapies are utilized in a variety of ways. It can be taken or given topically, orally, can be injected, using enemas and aerosols. Diseases that were treated by this phage therapy included urinary tract infections, typhoid and cholera. The use of phage therapy slowly faded when AMA or the American Medical Association reported contradictory results of using phages. Antibiotic age came in when penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1982.Fleming’s discovery flourished for 20 years making the phage therapy out of sight. But still a lot of microbiologists became very attractive to what bacteriophages could provide medically, improving different aspects of health and curing more diseases. There was a time after the Communist era when phages were considered to be the â€Å"last resort† antibiotics when the decline for antibiotics took place. This was indeed an alarming situation worldwide. But this did not become hindrance in reviving the hidden attributes of bacteriophages.Bacteriophages are defined by Toronto, Funke and Ca se (2001) as viruses that host in bacteria and in bacterial cultures, they can be grown easily. This has been significant since bacteriophages are the main sources of multiplying viruses. How do bacteriophages multiply? The basic procedure in which multiplication of viruses happens is just the same as the other viruses and it is not affected by any means by which the entering and the exiting of a virus into a host cell differs. Most life cycles of a virus are difficult to understand but a bacteriophage is an exception.They are the easiest to be learned and be understood. Bacteriophages, also called â€Å"phages†, can be multiplied using two substitute processes. The first one is called the lytic cycle which leaves the host cell to a lysis or death. The second one is called the lysogenic cycle where the host cell lives. T-even bacteriophages such as T2, T4 and T6 are the phage types that are most studied. Using the bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli) as a host, with the use o f lytic cycle, multiplication of the T-even bacteriophages can be demonstrated easily from one process to another.There are 5 stages involved starting from attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation and release. During the first stage, attachment, the particles of the bactriophage and the bacteria collide. A chemical connection occurs between the attachment site from the virus and the bacterial cells’ complementary receptor site. A chemically produced interaction from the connection enables bonds that are weak to be formed from the two sites by using their fibered tail ends. During the stage of penetration, DNA is being injected by the T-even bacteriophages into the bacterium after connecting occurs.This is done when an enzyme called the phage lysozyme is released by the tail of the bacteriophage which in turn destroys the walls of the bacterial cell. In the penetration process, the phage’s sheath tail contracts and the core of the tail enters the cell wall. If the core’s tip has already reached the plasma membrane, the DNA from the head of the bacteriophage will pass through the tail core, it will eventually enter the bacterial cell. During the stage of biosynthesis, the DNA of the bacteriophage will initiate synthesis direction of the components of the virus by the host cell.Once the components of the virus are being put in place and are brought together into virions, the maturation stage occurs. When the lyses of the host cell and the new virions have already been released, it is referred to as the release stage (Toronto, Funke and Case; 2001). Bacteriophages have been found to exhibit a lot of features. They are tested to be of big use with local infections in relation to poor supply of blood like diabetic ulcers and infections of the bone. Unlike antiobiotics, these phages were keenly observed to multiply inside their host cell which enables them to penetrate more deeply to the area being infected.Another distinguishing feature of phage therapies is its ability to inflict no allergies, resulting to a fewer side effects. Phage therapies in addition are easier and are cheaper to produce than antibiotics. On the other hand, bacteriophages have their limitations concerning their fatality once they have already killed the harmful bacteria. But these issues should not lower the hopes of the society depending on the future developments of phages. In an interview (Society for Gen. Micro. , 2008), they have shared that modern scientists and researchers have already found ways of prolonging the lifespan of viruses.This new and possible idea is by combining them chemically with polymers but still this is limiting since it will likely cause poisoning of the blood and is surely a big threat to one’s life. The main objective of this project is to determine the longetivity of the bacterium Escherichia coli’s gaining resistance ability in two different viral invaders: the bacteriophage T-4 and an antibiotic . At the end of this project, results should report a comparison between these two, answering which has the longest and the most effective invading mechanism. B. METHODS AND PROCEDURES (EXPERIMENT PROTOCOL)Throughout the following procedures of this project, a strict Aseptic Technique will be used. During the whole duration of the experiment, a strict technique called the Aseptic Technique will be applied. According to a web article research, written by Hauswirth and Sherk (2007), they defined the aseptic technique as an accumulation of unique practices acquired and a set of processes undergone whose conditions are carefully controlled with an objective of minimizing pathogen contamination. In any type of clinical setting, the technique is used to maximize and stabilize pathogenic organisms’ absence.Its main goal is to simply protect a patient from infection and cease any possible spreading to other body parts. Prevention of infections are not achieved simply by sanitizing or disinfecting. In about more than 27 million surgical operations, surgical sites are the third most prone to more hospital infections prolonging, in effect, the hospital stay of the patient and at the same time, hospital bills become so expensive. The estimate was according to CDC or Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Hauswirth and Sherk, 2007).The main objective of performing this experiment is to identify the required length of time for a common bacterium called Escherichia coli (E. coli) to achieve its maximum log phase growth. When these cells have already arrived in its expression of maximum amount of bacteriophage receptors, it will eventually lead to an immediate vulnerability to infection. The bacterium E. coli must always be utilized at this stage of growth all through out the procedures to be able to achieve desirable results upon comparing of two different experiments.In beginning the procedures of the experiment, first, an overnight growth of culture will be prep ared to be able to supply the growth curve with inoculum. The growth of the culture will be done in a shaking incubator with a temperature of 37 degrees Centigrade. The culture preparation will also be dependent on what culture is available, its slope, its colony or plate, and inoculate broth of the culture. Second, a 1 ml of culture that will be prepared overnight and a 99 ml of inoculate nutrient broth (NB) will be taken and will be placed in a flask that is sterilized and flat-bottomed type.Through a process called resuspension, a sterilized tube containing a sample of 5 ml will be gently swirled, will be collected and will be marked Time Zero. The sterilized flat-bottomed flask will be placed inside the shaking incubator. Third, samples containing 5 ml each will be collected at a per hour interval. This will be done for 8 consecutive 8 hours and will be marked Time 1, Time 2, Time 3, Time 4 . . . Time 8. All samples will be stored at +4 degrees Centigrade. Fourth, the remains of the culture that has been prepared overnight will be left for one more night.At exactly 9 am the next day, a last sample of the culture remains will be collected. Fifth, from a sample of 400 nm and another sample of 450 nm, the OD of each sample will be measured. The LB or NB will be used but will be left blank if necessary. If in case, the OD will exceed 1. 0, both sample 1 and sample 2 that were used in LB and NB will be diluted and will be read for the second time. Sixth, the strict aseptic technique will be used in preparing for colony counts in each sample. The amount of workable cells (per ml) will be identified.Seventh, plotting will be done. A growth curve will be plotted and both the cell number and time will be involved in doing this. Eighth, another growth curve will be plotted. This time cell number and OD will be involved in the plotting. Ninth, the required time to reach the midway of the log phase growth will be identified. In doing this, cells within the time length , identified prior to the succeeding experiment, will be grown. Tenth and last step of these experiment procedures, the connection between the cells and the OD will be analyzed.All results acquired all through out the process of this experiment will be recorded and will be evaluated accordingly. References: Hauswirth, K. & Sherk, S. D. (2007) Aseptic Technique [Internet]. Available from < http://www. surgeryencyclopedia. com/A-Ce/Aseptic-Technique. html> [Accessed 8 May 2008] Tortora, Funke & Case (2001) Microbiology: An Introduction. 7th ed. Addison-Wesley Longman, Inc. Craigie, J. (2002) The Significance and Applications of Bacteriophage in Bacteriological and Virus Research [Internet]. Available from [Accessed 8 May 2008]